Ohio Science Academic Content Standards (2002)
Physical Sciences
Benchmarks (6–8)
B.
In simple cases, describe the motion of objects and conceptually describe the effects of forces on an object.
D.
Describe that energy takes many forms, some forms represent kinetic energy and some forms represent potential energy; and during energy transformations the total amount of energy remains constant.
Benchmarks (9–10)
D.
Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton's three laws of motion.
E.
Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored).
Grade Level Indicators (Grade 7)
2.
Describe how an object can have potential energy due to its position or chemical composition and can have kinetic energy due to its motion.
4.
Explain how energy can change forms but the total amount of energy remains constant.
Grade Level Indicators (Grade 8)
3.
Explain that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes that object's speed and/or direction.
Grade Level Indicators (Grade 9)
12.
Explain how an object's kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed (KE = ½mv2).
21.
Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer's frame of reference and describe the object's motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration and time.
22.
Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it.
23.
Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (Fnet = ma. Note that weight is the gravitational force on a mass.)
Science and Technology
Benchmarks (6–8)
B.
Design a solution or product taking into account needs and constraints (e.g., cost, time, trade-offs, properties of materials, safety, aesthetics).
Benchmarks (9–10)
A.
Explain the ways in which the processes of technological design respond to the needs of society.
Grade Level Indicators (Grade 8)
4.
Evaluate the overall effectiveness of a product design or solution.
Grade Level Indicators (Grade 9)
2.
Identify a problem or need, propose designs and choose among alternative solutions for the problem.
National Science Education Standards
Physical Science
Motions and forces (Grades 5 - 8)
Motions and forces (Grades 9 - 12)
Conservation of energy and increase in disorder (Grades 9 - 12)
Science and Technology
Abilities of technological design (Grades 5 - 8)
Abilities of technological design (Grades 9 - 12)