Ohio's Academic Content Standards in English Language Arts
Grade Level Indicators
Acquisition of Vocabulary StandardStudents acquire vocabulary through exposure to language-rich situations, such as reading books and other texts and conversing with adults and peers. They use context clues, as well as direct explanations provided by others, to gain new words. They learn to apply word analysis skills to build and extend their own vocabulary. As students progress through the grades, they become more proficient in applying their knowledge of words (origins, parts, relationships, meanings) to acquire specialized vocabulary that aids comprehension.
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Prekindergarten |
| 1. | Understand the meaning of new words from context of conversations, the use of pictures that accompany text or the use of concrete objects. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Recognize and demonstrate an understanding of environmental print. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Name items in common categories (e.g., animals, food, clothing, transportation, etc.) (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Demonstrate or orally communicate position and directional words. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Determine the meaning of unknown words with assistance or cues from an adult (e.g., providing a frame of reference, context or comparison). (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Kindergarten |
| 1. | Understand new words from the context of conversations or from the use of pictures within a text. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Recognize and understand words, signs and symbols seen in everyday life. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Identify words in common categories such as color words, number words and directional words. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Determine the meaning of unknown words, with assistance, using a beginner's dictionary. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 1 |
| 1. | Use knowledge of word order and in-sentence context clues to support word identification and to define unknown words while reading. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Identify words that have similar meanings (synonyms) and words that have opposite meanings (antonyms). (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Classify words into categories (e.g., colors, fruits, vegetables). (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Recognize common sight words. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Recognize that words can sound alike but have different meanings (e.g., homophones such as hair and hare). (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Predict the meaning of compound words using knowledge of individual words (e.g., daydream, raindrop). (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Recognize contractions (e.g., isn't, aren't, can't, won't) and common abbreviations (e.g., Jan., Feb.). (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Read root words and their inflectional endings (e.g., walk, walked, walking). (ORC Resources) | | 9. | Determine the meaning of unknown words using a beginner's dictionary. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 2 |
| 1. | Use knowledge of word order and in-sentence context clues to support word identification and to define unknown words while reading. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Identify words that have similar meanings (synonyms) and words that have opposite meanings (antonyms). (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Classify words into categories (e.g., colors, fruits, vegetables). (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Read accurately high-frequency sight words. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Read homographs aloud correctly, adjusting sounds to fit meaning, and use words in context. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Determine the meaning of common compound words (e.g., lunchroom, baseball) by explaining the relationship between the words contained in the compound. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Identify contractions and common abbreviations and connect them to whole words. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Determine the meaning of prefixes, including un-, re-, pre-, and suffixes, including -er, -est, -ful, -less. (ORC Resources) | | 9. | Use root words (e.g., smile) and their various inflections (e.g., smiles, smiling, smiled) to determine the meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 10. | Determine the meaning and pronunciations of unknown words using a beginner's dictionary, glossaries and technology. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 3 |
| 1. | Determine the meaning of unknown words using a variety of context clues, including word, sentence and paragraph clues. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Use context clues to determine the meaning of homophones, homonyms and homographs. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Apply the meaning of the terms synonyms and antonyms. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Read accurately high-frequency sight words. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Apply knowledge of individual words in unknown compound words to determine their meanings. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Use knowledge of contractions and common abbreviations to identify whole words. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Apply knowledge of prefixes, including un-, re-, pre- and suffixes, including -er, -est, -ful and -less to determine meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Decode and determine the meaning of words by using knowledge of root words and their various inflections. (ORC Resources) | | 9. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 4 |
| 1. | Determine the meaning of unknown words by using a variety of context clues, including word, sentence and paragraph clues. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Use context clues to determine the meaning of synonyms, antonyms, homophones, homonyms and homographs. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Recognize the difference between the meanings of connotation and denotation. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Identify and apply the meaning of the terms synonym, antonym, homophone and homograph. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Identify and understand new uses of words and phrases in text, such as similes and metaphors. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Identify word origins to determine the meaning of unknown words and phrases. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Identify the meanings of prefixes, suffixes and roots and their various forms to determine the meanings of words. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Identify the meanings of abbreviations. (ORC Resources) | | 9. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 5 |
| 1. | Define the meaning of unknown words by using context clues and the author's use of definition, restatement and example. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Use context clues to determine the meaning of synonyms, antonyms, homophones, homonyms and homographs. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Identify the connotation and denotation of new words. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Identify and understand new uses of words and phrases in text, such as similes and metaphors. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Use word origins to determine the meaning of unknown words and phrases. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Apply the knowledge of prefixes, suffixes and roots and their various inflections to analyze the meanings of words. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Identify the meanings of abbreviations. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 6 |
| 1. | Define the meaning of unknown words by using context clues and the author's use of definition, restatement and example. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Apply knowledge of connotation and denotation to determine the meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Identify analogies and other word relationships, including synonyms and antonyms, to determine the meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Interpret metaphors and similes to understand new uses of words and phrases in text. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Recognize and use words from other languages that have been adopted into the English language. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Apply the knowledge of prefixes, suffixes and roots and their various inflections to analyze the meanings of words. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Identify symbols and acronyms and connect them to whole words. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 7 |
| 1. | Define the meaning of unknown words through context clues and the author's use of comparison, contrast, definition, restatement and example. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Apply knowledge of connotation and denotation to determine the meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Infer word meanings through the identification of analogies and other word relationships, including synonyms and antonyms. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Interpret metaphors and similes to understand new uses of words and phrases in text. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Recognize and use words from other languages that have been adopted into the English language. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots and affixes to understand vocabulary. (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Use knowledge of symbols and acronyms to identify whole words. (ORC Resources) | | 8. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 8 |
| 1. | Define unknown words through context clues and the author's use of comparison, contrast and cause and effect. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Apply knowledge of connotation and denotation to determine the meaning of words. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Identify the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms) and infer word meanings from these relationships. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Infer the literal and figurative meaning of words and phrases and discuss the function of figurative language, including metaphors, similes and idioms. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Examine and discuss the ways that different events (e.g., cultural, political, social, technological, and scientific events) impact and change the English language. (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). (ORC Resources) | | 7. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 9 |
| 1. | Define unknown words through context clues and the author's use of comparison, contrast and cause and effect. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms, connotation and denotation) and infer word meanings from these relationships. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Infer the literal and figurative meaning of words and phrases and discuss the function of figurative language, including metaphors, similes, idioms and puns. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Examine and discuss ways historical events have influenced the English language. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 10 |
| 1. | Define unknown words through context clues and the author's use of comparison, contrast and cause and effect. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms, connotation and denotation) and infer word meanings from these relationships. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Infer the literal and figurative meaning of words and phrases and discuss the function of figurative language, including metaphors, similes, idioms and puns. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Analyze the ways that historical events influenced the English language. (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). (ORC Resources) | | 6. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 11 |
| 1. | Recognize and identify how authors clarify meanings of words through context and use definition, restatement, example, comparison, contrast and cause and effect to advance word study. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms, connotation and denotation) and evaluate the effectiveness of analogous relationships. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Examine and explain the influence of the English language on world literature, communications and popular culture. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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| PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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| Grade 12 |
| 1. | Recognize and identify how authors clarify meanings of words through context and use definition, restatement, example, comparison, contrast and cause and effect to advance word study. (ORC Resources) | | 2. | Analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms, connotation and denotation) and evaluate the effectiveness of analogous relationships. (ORC Resources) | | 3. | Examine and explain the influence of the English language on world literature, communications and popular cultures. (ORC Resources) | | 4. | Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). (ORC Resources) | | 5. | Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. (ORC Resources) |
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