Ohio's Academic Content Standards in English Language Arts

Reading Applications: Literary Text Standard
Students enhance their understanding of the human story by reading literary texts that represent a variety of authors, cultures and eras. They learn to apply the reading process to the various genres of literature, including fables, tales, short stories, novels, poetry and drama. They demonstrate their comprehension by describing and discussing the elements of literature (e.g., setting, character and plot), analyzing the author's use of language (e.g., word choice and figurative language), comparing and contrasting texts, inferring theme and meaning and responding to text in critical and creative ways. Strategic readers learn to explain, analyze and critique literary text to achieve deep understanding.

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Prekindergarten
1.  Identify characters in favorite books and stories. (ORC Resources) 2.  Retell or re-enact events from a story through a variety of media and play events. (ORC Resources) 3.  Begin to demonstrate an understanding of the differences between fantasy and reality. (ORC Resources) 4.  Participate in shared reading of repetitious or predictable text. (ORC Resources)

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Kindergarten
1.  Identify favorite books and stories. (ORC Resources) 2.  Identify the characters and setting in a story. (ORC Resources) 3.  Retell or re-enact a story that has been heard. (ORC Resources) 4.  Distinguish between fantasy and reality. (ORC Resources) 5.  Recognize predictable patterns in stories. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 1
1.  Provide own interpretation of story, using information from the text. (ORC Resources) 2.  Identify characters, setting and events in a story. (ORC Resources) 3.  Retell the beginning, middle and ending of a story, including its important events. (ORC Resources) 4.  Identify differences between stories, poems and plays. (ORC Resources) 5.  Recognize predictable patterns in stories and poems. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 2
1.  Compare and contrast different versions of the same story. (ORC Resources) 2.  Describe characters and setting. (ORC Resources) 3.  Retell the plot of a story. (ORC Resources) 4.  Distinguish between stories, poems, plays, fairy tales and fables. (ORC Resources) 5.  Identify words from texts that appeal to the senses. (ORC Resources) 6.  Identify the theme of a text. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 3
1.  Recognize and describe similarities and differences of plot across literary works. (ORC Resources) 2.  Use concrete details from the text to describe characters and setting. (ORC Resources) 3.  Retell the plot sequence. (ORC Resources) 4.  Identify and explain the defining characteristics of literary forms and genres, including fairy tales, folk tales, poetry, fiction and non-fiction. (ORC Resources) 5.  Explain how an author's choice of words appeals to the senses. (ORC Resources) 6.  Identify stated and implied themes. (ORC Resources) 7.  Describe methods authors use to influence readers' feelings and attitudes (e.g., appeal of characters in a picture book; use of figurative language). (ORC Resources)

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Grade 4
1.  Describe the thoughts, words and interactions of characters. (ORC Resources) 2.  Identify the influence of setting on the selection. (ORC Resources) 3.  Identify the main incidents of a plot sequence, identifying the major conflict and its resolution. (ORC Resources) 4.  Identify the speaker and recognize the difference between first- and third-person narration. (ORC Resources) 5.  Determine the theme and whether it is implied or stated directly. (ORC Resources) 6.  Identify and explain the defining characteristics of literary forms and genres, including poetry, drama, fables, fantasies, chapter books, fiction and non-fiction. (ORC Resources) 7.  Explain how an author's choice of words appeals to the senses and suggests mood. (ORC Resources) 8.  Identify figurative language in literary works, including idioms, similes and metaphors. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 5
1.  Explain how a character's thoughts, words and actions reveal his or her motivations. (ORC Resources) 2.  Explain the influence of setting on the selection. (ORC Resources) 3.  Identify the main incidents of a plot sequence and explain how they influence future action. (ORC Resources) 4.  Identify the speaker and explain how point of view affects the text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Summarize stated and implied themes. (ORC Resources) 6.  Describe the defining characteristics of literary forms and genres, including poetry, drama, chapter books, biographies, fiction and non-fiction. (ORC Resources) 7.  Interpret how an author's choice of words appeals to the senses and suggests mood. (ORC Resources) 8.  Identify and explain the use of figurative language in literary works, including idioms, similes, hyperboles, metaphors and personification. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 6
1.  Analyze the techniques authors use to describe characters, including narrator or other characters' point of view; character's own thoughts, words or actions. (ORC Resources) 2.  Identify the features of setting and explain their importance in literary text. (ORC Resources) 3.  Identify the main and minor events of the plot, and explain how each incident gives rise to the next. (ORC Resources) 4.  Explain first, third and omniscient points of view, and explain how voice affects the text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Identify recurring themes, patterns and symbols found in literature from different eras and cultures. (ORC Resources) 6.  Explain the defining characteristics of literary forms and genres, including poetry, drama, myths, biographies, autobiographies, fiction and non-fiction. (ORC Resources) 7.  Distinguish how an author establishes mood and meaning through word choice, figurative language and syntax. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 7
1.  Explain interactions and conflicts (e.g., character vs. self, nature or society) between main and minor characters in literary text and how the interactions affect the plot. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the features of the setting and their importance in a text. (ORC Resources) 3.  Identify the main and minor events of the plot, and explain how each incident gives rise to the next. (ORC Resources) 4.  Identify and compare subjective and objective points of view and how they affect the overall body of a work. (ORC Resources) 5.  Identify recurring themes, patterns and symbols found in literature from different eras and cultures. (ORC Resources) 6.  Explain the defining characteristics of literary forms and genres, including poetry, drama, myths, biographies, autobiographies, science fiction, fiction and non-fiction. (ORC Resources) 7.  Interpret how mood or meaning is conveyed through word choice, figurative language and syntax. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 8
1.  Identify and explain various types of characters (e.g., flat, round, dynamic, static) and how their interactions and conflicts affect the plot. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the influence of setting in relation to other literary elements. (ORC Resources) 3.  Explain how authors pace action and use subplots, parallel episodes and climax. (ORC Resources) 4.  Compare and contrast different points of view (e.g., first person and third person limited, omniscient, objective and subjective), and explain how voice affects literary text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Identify and explain universal themes across different works by the same author and by different authors. (ORC Resources) 6.  Explain how an author's choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic. (ORC Resources) 7.  Identify examples of foreshadowing and flashback in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 8.  Explain ways in which the author conveys mood and tone through word choice, figurative language, and syntax. (ORC Resources) 9.  Examine symbols used in literary texts. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 9
1.  Identify and explain an author's use of direct and indirect characterization, and ways in which characters reveal traits about themselves, including dialect, dramatic monologues and soliloquies. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the influence of setting in relation to other literary elements. (ORC Resources) 3.  Identify ways in which authors use conflicts, parallel plots and subplots in literary texts. (ORC Resources) 4.  Evaluate the point of view used in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Interpret universal themes across different works by the same author and different authors. (ORC Resources) 6.  Analyze how an author's choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic. (ORC Resources) 7.  Explain how foreshadowing and flashback are used to shape plot in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 8.  Define and identify types of irony, including verbal, situational and dramatic, used in literary texts. (ORC Resources) 9.  Analyze ways in which the author conveys mood and tone through word choice, figurative language and syntax. (ORC Resources) 10.  Explain how authors use symbols to create broader meanings. (ORC Resources) 11.  Identify sound devices, including alliteration, assonance, consonance and onomatopoeia, used in literary texts. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 10
1.  Compare and contrast an author's use of direct and indirect characterization, and ways in which characters reveal traits about themselves, including dialect, dramatic monologues and soliloquies. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the features of setting and their importance in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 3.  Distinguish how conflicts, parallel plots and subplots affect the pacing of action in literary text. (ORC Resources) 4.  Interpret universal themes across different works by the same author or by different authors. (ORC Resources) 5.  Analyze how an author's choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic. (ORC Resources) 6.  Explain how literary techniques, including foreshadowing and flashback, are used to shape the plot of a literary text. (ORC Resources) 7.  Recognize how irony is used in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 8.  Analyze the author's use of point of view, mood and tone. (ORC Resources) 9.  Explain how authors use symbols to create broader meanings. (ORC Resources) 10.  Describe the effect of using sound devices in literary texts (e.g., to create rhythm, to appeal to the senses or to establish mood). (ORC Resources) 11.  Explain ways in which an author develops a point of view and style (e.g., figurative language, sentence structure and tone), and cite specific examples from the text. (ORC Resources)

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Grade 11
1.  Compare and contrast motivations and reactions of literary characters confronting similar conflicts (e.g., individual vs. nature, freedom vs. responsibility, individual vs. society), using specific examples of characters' thoughts, words and actions. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the historical, social and cultural context of setting. (ORC Resources) 3.  Explain how voice and narrator affect the characterization, plot and credibility. (ORC Resources) 4.  Evaluate the author's use of point of view in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Analyze variations of universal themes in literary texts. (ORC Resources) 6.  Recognize characteristics of subgenres, including satire, parody and allegory, and explain how choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic. (ORC Resources) 7.  Analyze the characteristics of various literary periods and how the issues influenced the writers of those periods. (ORC Resources) 8.  Evaluate ways authors develop point of view and style to achieve specific rhetorical and aesthetic purposes (e.g., through use of figurative language irony, tone, diction, imagery, symbolism and sounds of language), citing specific examples from text to support analysis. (ORC Resources)

PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
Grade 12
1.  Compare and contrast motivations and reactions of literary characters confronting similar conflicts (e.g., individual vs. nature, freedom vs. responsibility, individual vs. society), using specific examples of characters' thoughts, words and actions. (ORC Resources) 2.  Analyze the historical, social and cultural context of setting. (ORC Resources) 3.  Explain how voice and narrator affect the characterization, plot and credibility. (ORC Resources) 4.  Evaluate an author's use of point of view in a literary text. (ORC Resources) 5.  Analyze variations of universal themes in literary texts. (ORC Resources) 6.  Recognize and differentiate characteristics of subgenres, including satire, parody and allegory, and explain how choice of genre affects the expression of theme or topic. (ORC Resources) 7.  Compare and contrast varying characteristics of American, British, world and multi-cultural literature. (ORC Resources) 8.  Evaluate ways authors develop point of view and style to achieve specific rhetorical and aesthetic purposes (e.g., through use of figurative language irony, tone, diction, imagery, symbolism and sounds of language), citing specific examples from text to support analysis. (ORC Resources)