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Ohio's Academic Content Standards in English Language Arts

Grade Level Indicators

Writing Process Standard
Students' writing develops when they regularly engage in the major phases of the writing process. The writing process includes the phases of prewriting, drafting, revising and editing and publishing. They learn to plan their writing for different purposes and audiences. They learn to apply their writing skills in increasingly sophisticated ways to create and produce compositions that reflect effective word and grammatical choices. Students develop revision strategies to improve the content, organization and language of their writing. Students also develop editing skills to improve writing conventions.
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Prekindergarten
1. Generate ideas for a story or shared writing with assistance. (ORC Resources)
2. Choose a topic for writing related to shared or personal experience. (ORC Resources)
3. Begin to determine purpose for writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Generate related ideas with assistance. (ORC Resources)
5. Dictate or produce "writing" to express thoughts. (ORC Resources)
6. Repeat message conveyed through dictation or "writing". (ORC Resources)
7. Begin to use resources (e.g., labels, books, adults, word walls, computer, etc.) to convey meaning. (ORC Resources)
8. Display or share writing samples, illustrations and dictated stories with others. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Kindergarten
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others. (ORC Resources)
2. Choose a topic for writing. (ORC Resources)
3. Determine audience. (ORC Resources)
4. Organize and group related ideas. (ORC Resources)
5. Write from left to right and top to bottom. (ORC Resources)
6. Use correct sentence structures when expressing thoughts and ideas. (ORC Resources)
7. Reread own writing. (ORC Resources)
8. Use resources (e.g., a word wall) to enhance vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
9. Rewrite and illustrate writing samples for display and for sharing with others. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 1
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others. (ORC Resources)
2. Develop a main idea for writing. (ORC Resources)
3. Determine purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
4. Use organizational strategies (e.g., brainstorming, lists, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
5. Organize writing to include a beginning, middle and end. (ORC Resources)
6. Construct complete sentences with subjects and verbs. (ORC Resources)
7. Mimic language from literature when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
8. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
9. Reread own writing for clarity. (ORC Resources)
10. Add descriptive words and details. (ORC Resources)
11. Use resources (e.g., a word wall, beginner's dictionary, word bank) to select effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
12. Proofread writing to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization). (ORC Resources)
13. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist, feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
14. Rewrite and illustrate writing samples for display and for sharing with others. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 2
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others. (ORC Resources)
2. Develop a main idea for writing. (ORC Resources)
3. Develop a purpose and audience for writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Use organizational strategies (e.g., brainstorming, lists, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
5. Organize writing with a developed beginning, middle and end. (ORC Resources)
6. Use a range of complete sentences, including declarative, interrogative and exclamatory. (ORC Resources)
8. Use language for writing that is different from oral language, mimicking writing style of books when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
7. Include transitional words and phrases. (ORC Resources)
9. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
10. Reread and assess writing for clarity, using a variety of methods (e.g., writer's circle or author's chair). (ORC Resources)
11. Add descriptive words and details and delete extraneous information. (ORC Resources)
12. Use resources (e.g., word wall, beginner's dictionary and word bank) to select effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
13. Proofread writing to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization). (ORC Resources)
14. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
15. Rewrite and illustrate writing samples for display and for sharing with others. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 3
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material. (ORC Resources)
2. Develop a clear main idea for writing. (ORC Resources)
3. Develop a purpose and audience for writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Use organizational strategies (e.g., brainstorming, lists, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
5. Organize writing by providing a simple introduction, body and a clear sense of closure. (ORC Resources)
6. Use a wide range of simple, compound and complex sentences. (ORC Resources)
7. Create paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting sentences that are marked by indentation and are linked by transitional words and phrases. (ORC Resources)
8. Use language for writing that is different from oral language, mimicking writing style of books when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
9. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
10. Reread and assess writing for clarity, using a variety of methods (e.g., writer's circle or author's chair). (ORC Resources)
11. Add descriptive words and details and delete extraneous information. (ORC Resources)
12. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
13. Use resources and reference materials, including dictionaries, to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
14. Proofread writing and edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
15. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
16. Rewrite and illustrate writing samples for display and for sharing with others. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 4
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material. (ORC Resources)
2. State and develop a clear main idea for writing. (ORC Resources)
3. Develop a purpose and audience for writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Use organizational strategies (e.g., brainstorming, lists, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
5. Organize writing, beginning with an introduction, body and a resolution of plot, followed by a closing statement or a summary of important ideas and details. (ORC Resources)
6. Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures. (ORC Resources)
7. Create paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting sentences that are marked by indentation) and are linked by transitional words and phrases. (ORC Resources)
8. Vary language and style as appropriate to audience and purpose. (ORC Resources)
9. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
10. Reread and assess writing for clarity, using a variety of methods (e.g., writer's circle or author's chair). (ORC Resources)
11. Add descriptive words and details and delete extraneous information. (ORC Resources)
12. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
13. Use resources and reference materials, including dictionaries, to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
14. Proofread writing and edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
15. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
16. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a format appropriate to the purpose, using techniques such as electronic resources and graphics to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 5
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Conduct background reading, interviews or surveys when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
3. State and develop a clear main idea for writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., rough outlines, diagrams, maps, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing, beginning with an introduction, body and a resolution of plot, followed by a closing statement or a summary of important ideas and details. (ORC Resources)
7. Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures. (ORC Resources)
8. Group related ideas into paragraphs, including topic sentences following paragraph form, and maintain a consistent focus across paragraphs. (ORC Resources)
9. Vary language and style as appropriate to audience and purpose. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and assess writing for clarity, using a variety of methods (e.g., writer's circle or author's chair). (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea and to more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a format appropriate to the purpose, using techniques such as electronic resources and graphics to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 6
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Conduct background reading, interviews or surveys when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
3. Establish a thesis statement for informational writing or a plan for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., rough outlines, diagrams, maps, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing, beginning with an introduction, body and a resolution of plot, followed by a closing statement or a summary of important ideas and details. (ORC Resources)
7. Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures. (ORC Resources)
8. Group related ideas into paragraphs, including topic sentences following paragraph form, and maintain a consistent focus across paragraphs. (ORC Resources)
9. Vary language and style as appropriate to audience and purpose. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea and to more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a format appropriate to the purpose, using such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 7
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Conduct background reading, interviews or surveys when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
3. Establish a thesis statement for informational writing or a plan for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., rough outlines, diagrams, maps, webs and Venn diagrams) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing with an effective and engaging introduction, body and a conclusion that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures. (ORC Resources)
8. Group related ideas into paragraphs, including topic sentences following paragraph form, and maintain a consistent focus across paragraphs. (ORC Resources)
9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea and to more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a format appropriate to the purpose, using such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 8
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Conduct background reading, interviews or surveys when appropriate. (ORC Resources)
3. Establish a thesis statement for informational writing or a plan for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting focus, content structure and point of view) to address purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing with an effective and engaging introduction, body and a conclusion that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Vary simple, compound and complex sentence structures. (ORC Resources)
8. Group related ideas into paragraphs, including topic sentences following paragraph form, and maintain a consistent focus reinforced by parallel structures across paragraphs. (ORC Resources)
9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing and consistency of point of view. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea and to more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select more effective vocabulary. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization) and identify and correct fragments and run-ons. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 9
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Determine the usefulness of and apply appropriate pre-writing tasks (e.g., background reading, interviews or surveys). (ORC Resources)
3. Establish and develop a clear thesis statement for informational writing or a clear plan or outline for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting focus, content structure and point of view) to address purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing to create a coherent whole with an effective and engaging introduction, body and conclusion, and a closing sentence that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Use a variety of sentence structures and lengths (e.g., simple, compound and complex sentences; parallel or repetitive sentence structure). (ORC Resources)
8. Use paragraph form in writing, including topic sentences that arrange paragraphs in a logical sequence, using effective transitions and closing sentences and maintaining coherence across the whole through the use of parallel structures. (ORC Resources)
9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose and use techniques to convey a personal style and voice. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing, consistency of point of view and effectiveness of organizational structure. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on stated central idea and more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning and maintain consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select effective and precise vocabulary that maintains consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization), identify and correct fragments and run-ons and eliminate inappropriate slang or informal language. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 10
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Determine the usefulness of and apply appropriate pre-writing tasks (e.g., background reading, interviews or surveys). (ORC Resources)
3. Establish and develop a clear thesis statement for informational writing or a clear plan or outline for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting focus, content structure, and point of view) to address purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes, outlines) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing to create a coherent whole with an effective and engaging introduction, body and conclusion, and a closing sentence that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Use a variety of sentence structures and lengths (e.g., simple, compound and complex sentences; parallel or repetitive sentence structure). (ORC Resources)
8. Use paragraph form in writing, including topic sentences that arrange paragraphs in a logical sequence, using effective transitions and closing sentences and maintaining coherence across the whole through the use of parallel structures. (ORC Resources)
9. Use language (including precise language, action verbs, sensory details and colorful modifiers) and style as appropriate to audience and purpose, and use techniques to convey a personal style and voice. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing, consistency of point of view and effectiveness of organizational structure. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete information and details to better elaborate on stated central idea and more effectively accomplish purpose. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning and maintain consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select effective and precise vocabulary that maintains consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization), identify and correct fragments and run-ons and eliminate inappropriate slang or informal language. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 11
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Determine the usefulness of and apply appropriate pre-writing tasks (e.g., background reading, interviews or surveys). (ORC Resources)
3. Establish and develop a clear thesis statement for informational writing or a clear plan or outline for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting formality of style, including explanations or definitions as appropriate to audience needs) to address purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing to create a coherent whole with an effective and engaging introduction, body and conclusion, and a closing sentence that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Use a variety of sentence structures and lengths (e.g., simple, compound and complex sentences; parallel or repetitive sentence structure). (ORC Resources)
8. Use paragraph form in writing, including topic sentences that arrange paragraphs in a logical sequence, using effective transitions and closing sentences and maintaining coherence across the whole through the use of parallel structures. (ORC Resources)
9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose, and use techniques to convey a personal style and voice. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing, consistency of point of view and effectiveness of organizational structure. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete examples and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea, to develop more precise analysis or persuasive argument or to enhance plot, setting and character in narrative texts. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs, and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning and achieve specific aesthetic and rhetorical purposes. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select effective and precise vocabulary that maintains consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization), identify and correct fragments and run-ons and eliminate inappropriate slang or informal language. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)
  
PreK | K | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12
 
Grade 12
1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. (ORC Resources)
2. Determine the usefulness of and apply appropriate pre-writing tasks (e.g., background reading, interviews or surveys). (ORC Resources)
3. Establish and develop a clear thesis statement for informational writing or a clear plan or outline for narrative writing. (ORC Resources)
4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting formality of style, including explanations or definitions as appropriate to audience needs) to address purpose and audience. (ORC Resources)
5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing. (ORC Resources)
6. Organize writing to create a coherent whole with an effective and engaging introduction, body and conclusion and a closing sentence that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. (ORC Resources)
7. Use a variety of sentence structures and lengths (e.g., simple, compound and complex sentences; parallel or repetitive sentence structure). (ORC Resources)
8. Use paragraph form in writing, including topic sentences that arrange paragraphs in a logical sequence, using effective transitions and closing sentences and maintaining coherence across the whole through the use of parallel structures. (ORC Resources)
9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose, and use techniques to convey a personal style and voice. (ORC Resources)
10. Use available technology to compose text. (ORC Resources)
11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing, consistency of point of view and effectiveness of organizational structure. (ORC Resources)
12. Add and delete examples and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea, to develop more precise analysis or persuasive argument or to enhance plot, setting and character in narrative texts. (ORC Resources)
13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning and achieve specific aesthetic and rhetorical purposes. (ORC Resources)
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select effective and precise vocabulary that maintains consistent style, tone and voice. (ORC Resources)
15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization), identify and correct fragments and run-ons and eliminate inappropriate slang or informal language. (ORC Resources)
16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. (ORC Resources)
17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. (ORC Resources)