Ohio's Academic Content Standards in Science
Benchmarks
Physical SciencesStudents demonstrate an understanding of the composition of physical systems and the concepts and principles that describe and predict physical interactions and events in the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding of the structure and properties of matter, the properties of materials and objects, chemical reactions and the conservation of matter. In addition, it includes understanding the nature, transfer and conservation of energy, as well as motion and the forces affecting motion, the nature of waves and interactions of matter and energy. Students also demonstrate an understanding of the historical perspectives, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with the physical sciences.
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| By the end of the K - 2 program: |
| A. | Discover that many objects are made of parts that have different characteristics. Describe these characteristics and recognize ways an object may change. (ORC Resources) | | B. | Recognize that light, sound and objects move in different ways. (ORC Resources) | | C. | Recognize sources of energy and their uses. (ORC Resources) |
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| By the end of the 3 - 5 program: |
| A. | Compare the characteristics of simple physical and chemical changes. (ORC Resources) | | B. | Identify and describe the physical properties of matter in its various states. (ORC Resources) | | C. | Describe the forces that directly affect objects and their motion. (ORC Resources) | | D. | Summarize the way changes in temperature can be produced and thermal energy transferred. (ORC Resources) | | E. | Trace how electrical energy flows through a simple electrical circuit and describe how the electrical energy can produce thermal energy, light, sound and magnetic forces. (ORC Resources) | | F. | Describe the properties of light and sound energy. (ORC Resources) |
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| By the end of the 6 - 8 program: |
| A. | Relate uses, properties and chemical processes to the behavior and/or arrangement of the small particles that compose matter. (ORC Resources) | | B. | In simple cases, describe the motion of objects and conceptually describe the effects of forces on an object. (ORC Resources) | | C. | Describe renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy (e.g., solar, wind, fossil fuels, biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal and nuclear energy) and the management of these sources. (ORC Resources) | | D. | Describe that energy takes many forms, some forms represent kinetic energy and some forms represent potential energy; and during energy transformations the total amount of energy remains constant. (ORC Resources) |
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| By the end of the 9 - 10 program: |
| A. | Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. (ORC Resources) | | B. | Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances. (ORC Resources) | | C. | Describe the identifiable physical properties of substances (e.g., color, hardness, conductivity, density, concentration, ductility). Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance. (ORC Resources) | | D. | Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton's three laws of motion. (ORC Resources) | | E. | Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored). (ORC Resources) | | F. | Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. (ORC Resources) | | G. | Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. (ORC Resources) | | H. | Trace the historical development of scientific theories and ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of physical sciences. (ORC Resources) |
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| By the end of the 11 - 12 program: |
| A. | Explain how variations in the arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules form the basis of a variety of biological, chemical and physical phenomena. (ORC Resources) | | B. | Recognize that some atomic nuclei are unstable and will spontaneously break down. (ORC Resources) | | C. | Describe how atoms and molecules can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts. (ORC Resources) | | D. | Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (ORC Resources) | | E. | Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and ideas within the study of physical sciences. (ORC Resources) |
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